L. Mavrommatis, ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????, in "?????????, ?? ???????? ?? ?????????, p.238, 1996.

L. Ducellier and . Drame, La notion d'Europe à Byzance des origines au XIIIè-me siècle. Quelques réflexions, Byzantinoslavica, pp.1-3, 1994.

J. Koder, ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????, in "?????????? ???????, p.16, 1982.

. Ibid, , pp.18-19

. Kh and . Frasheri, Les Albanais et Byzance aux Vie-XIe siècles, ?? ??????? ??? ????????, p.49, 1998.

?. Koder and . Cit, , p.9

X. Epirotica-saeculi and E. V. Vassilievski, ??????????? ?????????, p.1896

H. Grégoire, Deux étymologies: Vonditza et Vardar, in "Byzantion, pp.265-271

D. Nicol, Refugees, mixed population and local patriotism in Epiros and Western Macedonia after the Fourth Crusade, XV e Congrès International d'Etudes Byzantines, p.23, 1976.

?. C. Koder, However, P. Xhufi writes in The ethnic situation in Epirus during the Middle Ages, Studia Albanica, p.44, 1994.

. Epirotica, , pp.13-14

R. Nicol and . Cit, , p.23

F. Miklosich and J. Muller, Vladimir is mentioned in the chrysobull of Emperor Andronikos II Palaeologos to the Metropolis of Ioannina in 1321, without any mention of nationality, while in this document the Jews and Vlachs are always designated by their nationality, He may be a recent immigrant or hold the name of an ancestor but without any Slavic cultural background, p.85

, Aux origines du despotat d'Epire et de la principauté d' Achaïe, in "Byzantion, Different opinions and theories may be found in the following works, pp.368-370, 1973.

P. ?. N?sturel, Les Valaques Balcaniques Xe-XIIIe siècles. Mouvements de population et colonisation dans la Romanie grecque et latine, Byzantinische Forschungen, pp.89-112, 1979.

N. Trifon, Les Aroumains, un peuple qui s'en va, ?????????? ???????, pp.9-48, 1993.

T. Winnifrith, The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan people, pp.53-55, 1987.

, Ioannis Scylitzae synopsis historiarum, 1973.

G. C. Soulis, ?????? -?????? ?????? -? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ?????????????, pp.489-497, 1953.

C. G. Kekaumenos, V. Vassilievski, and . Jernstedt, Strategicon et incerti scriptoris De officiis regiis libellus, p.56, 1896.

G. Sphrantzes, E. R. Maisano, and X. Cfhb, Leipzig-Teubner 1927, Book 2, chapter 102, section 2, l. 3; Soulis, ??????. cit., p. 494; see also V.D. Psimouli, ????? ??? ?????????, Scholia in Thucydidem ad optimos codices collata, p.172, 1998.

, Unedierte Schriftstücke aus der Kanzlei des Johannes Apokaukos des Metropoliten von Naupaktos (in Aetolien), in "Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher, p.171, 1976.

K. Lampropoulos and ?. ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ???, N?sturel, Valaques Balcaniques cit, pp.98-99, 1988.

?. ?????????-???-??????? and . ????????, ?????????????????? ??? ?????????? ?. ??????, ??????????? ?????????, pp.373-382, 1909.

?. Lampropoulos and . Cit, , vol.21, p.281

. N?sturel, Valaques Balcaniques cit, p.110

?. Lampropoulos and . Cit, , p.58

. Miklosich, A. Muller, . Et-diplomatica, and . Cit, , pp.84-87

K. Oikonomou, ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????, p.975, 1991.

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.20, pp.11-12

. Chron, . Ioann, . Cit, . §41;-j, and . Katrapes, ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????, Anecdota Graeca, pp.676-677, 1850.

G. C. Soulis, ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????, ???????, ??? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, p.111, 1953.

?. Soulis, , pp.213-229

. Kekaumenos, , p.74

, They were also present in the islands of Corfu and Lefkas

, says that the Jews of Arta came in the 10th century from the Peloponnese, p.9, 2005.

, Philonis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt, 1915.

T. Epistle-to, , vol.3, p.12

R. Dalven, pp. xi-xii. Nowadays, Ioannina is one of the last two Romaniote communities of Greece. The other ones progressively became Sephardim because of the influx from Spain after 1492, 1990.

.. J. Starr, This argument should be rejected since Arta, thanks to the navigability of the river Arachtos, was in these times a well-known and well-frequented place of trade. About the identification of Kifto with Naupaktos, see P.Ph. Christopoulos, ? ??????? ???????? ?????????, in "???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????, The Jews in the Byzantine Empire (641-1204), (= Texte und Forschungen zur Byzantinisch-Neugriechischen Jahrbücher, XXX), vol.I, pp.278-283, 1840.

M. Kordoses and ?. ?????????-????????, ) the Jews went to Ioannina as early as 70 A.D. after the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem. This is of course purely imaginary since the town of Ioannina did not then exist. According to P. Aravantinos (??????????? ??? ???????, t. II, p. 214, n. 2), and after him D. Salamankas (?? ??????, in "?????????? ?????, vol.II, p.351, 1953.

. Miklosich, A. Muller, ;. S. Et-diplomatica-cit, and . Bowman, The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453, Übersicht über die Geschichte des Judentums von Janina (Epirus), in "Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher, vol.36, pp.159-177, 1921.

P. Charanis, The Jews in the Byzantine Empire under the First Palaeologi, in "Speculum, pp.75-77, 1947.

D. Nicol, About the analysis made by the latter of this document and the meaning of the word ???????, cf. P. Charanis, On the social structure and economic organization of the Byzantine Empire in the 13th century and later, The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the middle ages, p.120, 1951.

. Miklosich, A. Muller, . Et-diplomatica, and . Cit, , p.86

. Bowman, They were "the children of Lamerês, David and Samarias, vol.43, p.88, 1984.

. Kordoses, 149) thinks that they were living inside, while C. Constantinides (?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? (13 ?? -15 ?? ??, p.17, 2006.

, ) and D. Salamankas (??????. cit.), the Jewish community was located outside the walls in the early 14th century. The Old synagogue, which still stands in Justinian Street, is included inside the Ottoman walls, Thessaloniki they remained outside the walls. According to Aravantinos (??????????? cit, pp.320-321

K. Tsouris and . ?????????, but its date of foundation is unknown, since it saw many modifications. Dalven (Jews of Ioannina cit, p.71, 1983.

M. Heb, 35 conserved in the Houghton Library in Harvard was possessed in 1432 by the brothers Shabbetai and Menahem; cf. Bowman, Jews 1204-1453 cit, p.64

. Bowman, Jews 1204-1453 cit, pp.74-75

. Dalven, Jews of Ioannina cit, p.17

, For the general conditions of the Jews in the Byzantine and then Serbian empire, see Dalven, Jews of Ioannina cit., pp. 8 ff. For doubts about the application in Epirus of the special taxation of the Jews by the Emperor of Thessaloniki, p.73

, Examples given by Nicol, Refugees cit, p.17

?. C. Constantinides, Apokaukos, ???? ??????????? cit, pp.10-12

J. Apokaukos,

, Travaux et Mémoi-res, pp.353-368, 1968.

, ); around 1080 according to Era Vranoussi, (?? ???? «???????» ??? «?????????» ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????, in "?????????, Nouvel essai de mise au point sur l'apparition du peuple albanais dans les sources historiques byzantines, vol.II, pp.207-254, 1970.

, Les termes ??????? et ????????? et la première mention des Albanais dans les sources du XI ème siècle, pp.387-396, 1972.

, The eventual identity of Albanians and Illyrians became a political matter in the 19th and 20th centuries because of the common claim by the Balkan people of the right of the first occupant. The following scholars write that the Albanians are the heirs of the Illyrians: S. Anamali, Les Illyriens et la genèse des Albanais, in De la civilisation haute-médiévale albanaise, Les Albanais du XIe au XIIIe siècle: nomades ou sédentaires ?, in "Byzantinische Forschungen, pp.51-52, 1971.

L. Ducellier, Arbanon et les Albanais cit, Travaux" cit, pp.353-368, 1968.

. Ibid,

D. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros, pp.48-49, 1957.

E. A. Akropolites and . Heisenberg, , pp.2-9, 1903.

R. Antissiodorensis, C. Continuatio, X. Mgh, and H. 1882, , pp.11-16

. Akropolites, , pp.11-16

. Akropolites, , pp.20-22

. Ducellier, Nomades ou sédentaires cit, pp.23-36

B. Kreki?, Albanians in the Adriatic Cities: Observations on some Ragusan, Venetian and Dalmatian sources for the History of the Albanians in the Late Middle Ages, Gasparis, pp.209-233

. Ducellier, Aux frontières de la romanité et de l'orthodoxie au Moyen Age: le cas de l' Albanie, in L'Histoire à Nice: Actes du Colloque international "Entre l'Occident et l'Orient, pp.3-4, 1981.

P. Magdalino and B. Romaniae, Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, pp.103-104, 1989.

?. Psimouli and . Cit, , p.32

, Psimouli ????? cit, p.38, 1998.

L. Vranoussis, ?? ????????? ??? ???????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????, in "??? ?????, pp.1367-1368, 1990.

?. Psimouli and . Cit, , p.36

P. Magdalino, The links between the Albanians and the Byzantine general Syrgiannes Paleologos are well-known. See Psimouli ????? cit, p.30

J. Cantacuzenus, CFHB, I, 474, p.9

I. Cantacuzenus, , pp.495-497

I. I. Cantacuzenus, , p.81

D. Nicol, , p.127, 1984.

, Psimouli ????? cit, p.34

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.4, pp.30-32

. Chron and . Ioann, ??????? ??????????? ?????????, vol.4, pp.365-71, 1970.

, They bore the name of their leader, but intermarriage between leading families sometimes complicates clan identification. Muriki Boua Spata was probably the descendent of both the clans of Boua and Spata who were at war in the early 15th century, cf. Chron. Tocco cit, pp.1033-1044

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.8, pp.1-15

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.8, pp.16-18

, The Mazarakaioi were probably close to Parga and Photiki (Chron. Tocco cit., vv. 1492-1499) while the Malakasaioi held Katounai, the north-west of Ioannina, p.175

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.25, pp.10-13

. Chron and . Ioann, The Byzantine Museum in Ioannina still owns an inscription giving to Thomas the title of ??????????????, pp.20-21

, In 1389 and 1399: cf. Chron. Ioann. cit, p.39

. Chron and . Ioann, Chron. Tocco cit, vol.35, p.173, 1984.

. Chron and . Tocco, , p.3670

, For Albanian immigration into the lands of the Despotate of Mystra, which began as early as 1350, see E.L. Vranoussi, Deux documents byzantins inédits sur la présence albanaise dans le, ?? A?????? cit, pp.293-294, 1998.

. Chron, Tocco cit., vv. 3274-3303. Nicol, Despotate 1984 cit, p.189

C. N. Sathas, Documents inédits relatifs à l'histoire de la Grèce au moyen âge, vol.9, pp.150-151

A. Ducellier, Studi Veneziani, Les Albanais dans les colonies vénitiennes au XVe siècle, vol.55, pp.60-61, 1968.

A. Boutsikas and . ?????, , p.143, 1985.

C. Tocco, , p.137

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.35, pp.6-7

C. Tocco, , pp.1511-1514

. Chron, . Tocco-cit, and . Vv, , pp.818-823

. Cf, , p.82

, 14-16; ll. 29-30. The passage is reproduced in I. Vogiatzidis, ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????????, vol.I, pp.72-80, 1926.

, The later expansion of the Ottoman Empire into both Albania and Epirus facilitated the continuation of Albanian immigration

, Ducellier Colonies vénitiennes cit, pp.60-61

M. C. Bartusis, Brigandage in the Late Byzantine Empire, Byzantion, pp.386-409, 1981.

. ????????-???????????, Some other considerations about the Albanians, their economical activities and the reasons of their installation in the Peloponnese may be, pp.27-29

M. Preka and . ??????????-???-???????-???-?????, ????? 1990), dir. E. Chrysos, p. 303; A.P. Ka?dan (Some notes on the, ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? (????, pp.27-31, 1982.

C. Tocco, , pp.1424-1426

S. Th and . Sansaridou-hendrickx, The World View of the Anonymous Author of the Chronicle of the Tocco: the antagonists as groups, in "??????????, p.231, 2001.

. Chron, Tocco cit., vv. 195, 1178, 1786, 1797. Borders and Frontiers or State and Power

. Ibid, , p.1782, 1779.

. Ibid, , 1179.

. Ibid, , 1784.

. Sansaridou-hendrickx, World View cit, pp.230-231

C. Tocco, , pp.50-53

C. Tocco, , pp.1184-1189

, §4, ll, pp.27-28

. Chron and . Ioann, §25, ll. 11-12: "??? ??? ????? ?????????, p.92

. Ducellier, Colonies vénitiennes cit, pp.56-57

, The Chronicle of Ioannina says that he was "serbo-albanito-bulgaro-vlach" and that he treated the inhabitants of the city badly. The latter called on the Venetians for help, and finally managed to expel him. He then disappears from history, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????. ???????? ???????????, ??????? ????????, ???????????????, pp.154-155, 2005.

, The archons were the leaders of a city

. Chron and . Tocco-cit, 1020-1021, 2537-2538. A. Ducellier, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? (13??-15?? ??). ? ???????????? ???? ??????????, p.27, 1994.

, Ragusan documents provide clear evidence about economic relationships between Dubrovnik and Arta during the times of the Albanian domination on the city, Cf. B. Krekic, vol.441, p.529, 1393.

A. Ducellier, Aux frontières de la Romanie: Arta et Sainte-Maure à la fin du Moyen-Âge, Travaux et Mémoires, pp.113-124

, while Sterina, daughter of Sgouros Boua Spata, lord of Angelokastron, had married the Venetian noble Francesco Foscari (Ch. Maltezou, ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? Foscari ??? ????????, ?????????, issue.3, p.164, 1983.

P. Liosha and G. Boua, 41), the source that tells us how they were styled, uses the word "despot" for them, and there is no reason to detect irony in this. The Chronicle of the Tocco says that Gjin Spata had received his title "from the Albanian people" (v. 51), which is, of course, false. It nevertheless later calls him despot (p. 232, title of the §14), Spata had acquired this title from the Serbian Emperor, Symeon. The Chronicle of Ioannina ( §8, 15, vol.16, 1387.

. Gasparis, ?? ??????? cit, pp.198-199, 1419.

F. Thiriet, Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, 3 volumes, vol.II, pp.118-119, 1958.

, Gjin Spata used the Church of Pantanassa, built close to Arta by Michael II in the middle of the 13th century; see P.L. Vokotopoulos, ???????? ??????????? ???????????, Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce en, vol.166, pp.569-573, 1976.

N. Marthono-;-l.-le and . Grand, Revue de l'Orient Latin, Liber Peregrinationis ad loca Sancta, p.665

. Chron, . Ioann-;-§38;-r.-j, H. Loenertz, and . Et-navarrais-en-grèce, Regestes et documents, in "Orientalia Christiana Periodica, Byzantina et Franco-Graeca, vol.17, pp.329-69, 1956.

J. Darrouzès, Les Regestes des Actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople, I: Les Actes des Patriarches, fascicule V: Les Regestes de 1310 à 1376, p.2530, 1977.

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.26, p.27

, §20, ll, pp.18-21

, §24, and 93, p.27

, Chron. Ioann. cit, pp.18-19

D. Nicol, , pp.128-129, 1984.

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.4, pp.24-28

D. Nicol, , p.135, 1984.

. Chron and . Ioann, §11, l. 33) speaks of him as a Despot immediately after his accession to power. There is thus no reason to write that he took his title only in 1382 from the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologus, with specific bibliography. The Chronicle of Ioannina, p.1376

L. Vranoussis, The author nevertheless perhaps goes too far when he says that Thomas should not be called Preljubovi?. If Thomas indeed used the Greek name Komnenos, it was for political reasons, and he never abandoned his Serbian one, since, as Vranoussis himself writes, he was signing "????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????". The only Serbian element in the government of Thomas is the title of "jupan" given to some of his favourites; see Chron, ????????? ??? ??????? cit, vol.23, pp.15-16

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.12, pp.6-12

. Chron and . Ioann, §9, ll. 21-22. The demotic version of the Chronicle gives the figure of 15,000 soldiers, p.80

, The army gathered by Symeon in 1355 was composed of Greeks, Albanians and Serbs, see Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.4, pp.5-7

M. Bartusis, studying the Serbian settlement in Macedonia which was far closer and more linked to Serbia, estimates their number at 5,000, mostly soldiers, p.156

G. Schiro, This lady was not born in Ioannina but was the half-sister of Mrk?a Zarkovi?, Serbian lord of Valona. See. K. Jire?ek, Die Witwe und die Söhne des Despoten Esau von Epirus, Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher, vol.I, pp.383-91, 1920.

, Verse 1516 of the Chron. Tocco cit. clearly says that he was leading the army of Ioannina and not only of the Malakasaioi and of the Zagorites, This individual is quoted in the horismos of Sinan Pacha (multiple editions, the most accessible being the one of Miklosich, pp.1592-1593

K. ???????? and ;. M. Kordoses, VIII, n. 19769) and A. Rigo (Lo Horismòs di Sinân Pascià, la presa di Ioannina (1430) e la "lettera" del sultano Murâd II, in "????????????, and after him the PLP, p.127, 1998.

D. Nicol, Preka, ?????????? cit, pp.306-307, 1984.

, the Serbs are viewed dismissively by the author, but never as a people and always, explicitly (p. 81, §10, ll. 40-41) or implicitly

, Chron. Ioann. cit, vol.10, p.29

S. For-maria-angelina and . Chron, §31. It is worth saying that in 1385, this person was no longer an emperor and had become a monk under the name of Joasaph. He is therefore called by the Chronicle "the basileus Joasaph", but his former imperial title is given to him only in a honorific way, as is also the case in another document from Thessaly (see Loenertz, Notes sur le règne de Manuel II à Thessalonique -1381/82-1387, §36. For John Uro? Palaeologos, vol.28, p.391, 1957.

. Chron and . Tocco-cit, This person is also present, without allusion to her nationality, in the Oxford manuscript of the Chron. Ioann. cit., fragmentally edited by L. Vranoussis, ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????, vol.IV, pp.510-511, 1967.

, The weddings were indeed a way to acquire legitimacy. The author of the Chronicle of Ioannina states that Thomas Preljubovi? ruled as the husband of Maria Angeline, daughter of basileus Symeon

. Ioann and . Cit, After the assassination of Thomas, a council reuniting Joasaph, Maria "and the elite of the archons" decided that Esaü Buondelmonti would marry Maria and become Despot, vol.16, p.94

C. Tocco, , pp.1391-1392

D. Nicol, The clear message transmitted by the people of Ioannina was that they disliked the Serbs almost as much as they loathed the Albanians, and that if they must have a foreign master they would prefer an Italian, p.175, 1984.

. Bartusis, Serbs in Macedonia cit, p.159

. Tib-iii-cit, , pp.165-166

, Life of Saint-Theodora of Arta, Patrologia Graeca, CXXVII, cols, Job Monachus, pp.903-911

D. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros, pp.215-216, 1957.

. Marthono, Liber peregrinationis cit, p.665

, Some families stayed in the Ionian islands, but the latter were lost to Venetian but not Ottoman domination

;. G. Promissio-of-michael-i-doukas-of-epirus, G. M. Tafel, and . Thomas, Urkunden zur älteren Handels und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig mit besonderer Beziehungen auf Byzanz und die Levante, vol.II, p.119

J. G. Herder, Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, p.1784

, Chron. Tocco cit

. Chron, . Tocco, X. Chapter, and .. A. Ilieva, The image of the Morea (Frankish and Byzantine) in the Mentality of the Gianniotes: The Author of the Tocco Chronicle, ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? cit, pp.308-312

S. Ka?dan, ;. , M. Preka, and ?. Cit, Sansaridou-Hendrickx, World View cit, p.306

D. Ducellier and . Cit, , pp.161-171

. Ibid, , pp.176-177

D. Ducellier and . Cit, , pp.96-99

H. Ahrweiler, Byzantine Concepts of the Foreigner: The Case of the Nomads, in Internal Diaspora cit, pp.1-15

V. N?sturel and . Balcaniques, , p.111

. Ducellier, ?? ??????? cit, pp.50-51

K. Oikonomou, This study is synchronic since there is no way to date precisely the appearance of Albanian loan words, ? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????, 1997.

H. Ahrweiler, Empire byzantin, Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the, 1975.

, ?? ???????? ?? ?????????, international congress, 2005.

A. Ducellier, Albanie entre Byzance et Venise, X°-XV° siècles, Variorum Reprints, 1987.

. Id, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? (13??-15?? ??). ? ???????????? ???? ??????????, 1994.

, ?? ??????? ??? ????????, international congress, 1998.

D. Nicol, Refugees, mixed population and local patriotism in Epiros and Western Macedonia after the Fourth Crusade, XV e Congrès International d'Etudes Byzantines, pp.1-33, 1976.

. Sansaridou-hendrickx-th, The World View of the Anonymous Author of the Chronicle of the Tocco: the antagonists as groups, in "??????????, pp.193-242, 2001.

G. C. Soulis, The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Du?an (1331-1355) and his successors, 1984.