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URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01690943

, ce projet a mêlé expériences, modélisation théorique et analyse de données, qui se sont entre-nourries les unes les autres. Introduction et Dispositif Expérimental Dans de nombreuses sociétés animales, les individus peuvent s'auto-organiser collectivement pour accomplir des tâches très complexes

, En raison du caractère intrinsèquement limité de leurs capacités de calcul et de l'information disponible sur leur environnement (rationalité bornée), les réponses comportementales chez de nombreux animaux sont souvent déclenchées localement par des informations provenant de voisins proches, vol.87, p.91

, Des phénomènes similaires ontétéontété observés dans les sociétés humaines

, Les phénomènes collectifs tels que la formation des voies ou des sentiers, vol.102

, Les piétons sont donc un terreau très fertile pour l'´ etude des comportements collectifs, et il reste beaucoupàbeaucoupà comprendre avant de pouvoir, par exemple, réduire drastiquement

, Pour aborder ceprobì eme, nous avons conçu des tâches spécifiques dans lesquelles les piétons devaient s'appuyer sur un tel système: nous avons assigné une "couleur" (sous-groupe) au hasardà hasardà des sujets dans des groupes de 22 piétons placés dans une arène circulaire

, capable de condenser l'information accessible (couleur et position de tous les piétons dans l'arène) en un bit d'information: des tags attachées auxépaulesauxépaules des sujets transmettaiententì erement les positions et couleurs de tous les piétons en temps réelréeì a un serveur central, et délivraient en retour un signal acoustique (un "bip") sous des conditions bien spécifiques: ? R` egle "majoritaire": le tag d'un sujetémetsujetémet un bip si la majorité de ses k plus proches voisins, Pour aider les piétonspiétonsà accomplir leurs tâches, nous avons conçu un système imitant un dispositif sensoriel (tel la rétine)

?. Egle, exclusive": le tag d'un sujetémetsujetémet un bip si au moins un de ses k plus proches voisins (k = 1, 2, 3, 4) est d'une couleur différente de la sienne

?. Egle, décalée": le tag d'un sujetémetsujetémet un bip si la majorité de ses k, (k + 1) et (k + 2)-` eme plus proches voisins (k = 1, 2, 3, 4) est d'une couleur différente de la sienne

, Pour accomplir la tâche, les sujets n'avaient accès qu'` a ces signaux acoustiques et n'´ etaient pas au courant de la r` egle précise: nous leur avions simplement dit qu'ils biperaient chaque

, Dans une seconde série d'expériences, des groupes de 22 piétons devaient se séparer en clusters de la même "couleur